THE OHIO VALLEY-GREAT LAKES ETHNOHISTORY
ARCHIVES: THE MIAMI COLLECTION
It is noted that the following work from the Miami Archives should be read and
considered within the historical context in which it was composed and printed.
The opinions expressed and the language used do not reflect the opinions or
standards of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, but are, rather,
indicative of thought in that historical moment during which the document was
published.
First Journal
(9/11/1750 - 5/19/1751)
(Due to length divided here into two parts)
Gist, Christopher in: Mulkearn, Lois,
ed.
and comp. George Mercer Papers,
University of Pittsburgh Press,
1954, pp. 8-31, 98-121,
and 252-266.
92 Present Sugar Creek which empties into the Tuscarawas at Dover, Ohio (Gist [Darlington edition], op. cit., p. 105). The trail crossed in the vicinity of what was known as Broad Run, about a mile south of the town of Strasburgh. -Charles Michener, ed., Historic Events in the Tuscarawas and Muskingum Valleys, and in Other Portions of the State of Ohio (Dayton, Ohio, Thomas W. Odell, Publisher, 1876), p. 76.
93 In 1738 the Wyandot (English) or Huron (French) Indians living with the Ottawas at Detroit asked permission of the French to migrate to Montreal, for the Ottawas, resentful of a peace concluded between the Hurons and their traditional enemies, the Flatheads, had turned against the Hurons and threatened to exterminate them. This leave was granted the Hurons, but "the drunken Angouirot," the third chief of the tribe, opposed the move. Caustic remarks by the chief at Sault St. Louis (Montreal) about the peace between the Hurons and the Flatheads and fear of loss of prestige in fleeing under pressure from an enemy prevented this migration. The Huron plating grounds had for some years been at Sandusky, in the vicinity of present Venice, Ohio. Here they met English traders and by July 14, 1741, the French recognized the loss of the Sandusky Hurons.- Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, XVII, 280, 328, 331-32, 349-50.
In 1742 more Detroit Hurons, under the leadership of Chief Nicholas, joined Angouriot at Sandusky where the tribe was under the influence of English traders. Chief Nicholas not only weaned the Hurons away from the French orbit, but also gathered in his sphere many of the other tribes living in the Ohio Country. A massacre of French traders in 1747 and discovery of the rebel Indians' plot against Detroit caused Chief Nicholas to flee from Sandusky (Gipson, op. cit., IV, 173-85). In September, 1748, Conrad Weiser held council with the chiefs of the Wyandots at Logstown on the Ohio. The chiefs informed him that there were 100 fighting men of the Wyandots who had come over to join the English, of which 70 were left behind at another town, but they hoped that they would follow them. - "Journal of Conrad Weiser. . .," 1748, op. cit.
94 Meaning the chief's house.
95 In 1750 a trading house was built by Teaffe and Callender (partners of George Croghan) "at Muskingum River which said River Runs into the Ohio." This trading house was built "by the direction (page 490) of the Six Nations of Indians in Alliance with the English." In 1756 George Croghan valued this storehouse at 150. - The Ohio Company, 1753-1817, op. cit., pp. 61, 136.
96 The four English traders were Luke Irwin [Erwin] of Philadelphia, Joseph Fortiner [Faulkner] of New York, Thomas Bourke [Burk] of Lancaster, and George Pathon [John Patten] of Wilmington. All were traders, licensed in Philadelphia. For full details read "Extract of the interrogatories of the four English traders, taken upon the territories of France," printed in The Conduct of the Late Ministry, or A Memorial: Containing a Summary of Facts with their Vouchers, in Answer to the Observations sent by the English Ministry, to the Courts of Europe. . . (London, W. Bizet, 1757), pp. 92-106. See also Case, facs., p. 9; note 98.
97 The Shawnee had several towns along the Ohio River, the principal one being Lower Shawnee Town at the mouth of the Scioto.
98 About 1672 the Miami, a western tribe of the Algonquins, were driven by the Sioux Indians from their home around Lake Superior. The next 30 years' history reveals their migrations to the River St. Joseph, to the land north of Detroit, and to the vicinity of Green Bay, Wisconsin. The struggle between the French and English for favor with the Miami began in about 1702, when a Huron chief in the English interest established himself on the River Maumee and attempted to make an alliance with the Miami of the River St. Joseph. In the same year the French governor invited savages, including the Miami, to come and settle near the French fort at Detroit. The period, 1706-08, was one of turmoil around Detroit. At one time other savages reported that the Miami were masters of the French fort. The French made peace with them in 1708. Four years later the Miami informed the French that they intended to "abandon their village and build another on the Oyou, in the fond of Lake Erie." This Miami village, located in the bend of the Maumee on the site of present Fort Wayne, Indians, was Fort Miami (English) or Kiskakon (French). For many years the Miami wavered in their affections for the French and English. They were trading in Albany in 1719. In 1721 Charlevoix related in his Journal Historique that there were three principal Miami villages, one on the River St. Joseph; another, Kiskakon, on the Maumee River that flows into Lake Erie; and the third on the Wabash which flows into the Mississippi.- Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, XVI, 84, 99, 127, 146, 211-13, 239, 254, 285, 382-83, 409-10.
About 1733 some Miami from Kiskakon withdrew and established Pickawillany (French or Twightwee Town (English) on the upper Great Miami River. The French spent much time and effort to keep them "away from the snares of the English"; nevertheless, by 1747 their chief had come under the influence of Chief Nicholas, the English-loving Huron (ibid., XVII, 185-86, 210-11, 484-85, 505-06). In July, 1748, they requested an alliance with the English. The outcome was A Treaty held by Commissioners, Members of the Council of the Province of Pennsylvania, At the Town of Lancaster, with some Chiefs of the Six Nations at Ohio, and Others, for the Admission of the Twightwee Nations into the Alliance of his Majesty, &c. in the month of July, 1748, op. cit.
Chief Nicholas died in 1748, but La Demoiselle, the Miami chief at Pickawillany, continued the revolt of the Ohio Indians against the French. The Miami openly traded with the English, encouraged Pennsylvania traders, especially George Croghan, to build storehouses among them, and in their quarrel with the French sought assistance from the English governors and their Indian allies (Minutes of a Conference held with the Indians at Mr. Croghan's May 17, 1750, printed in Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, V, 431-35). See also note 80.
Just as vigorously as the Miami sought an alliance with the English and their Indian allies, so did the French seek to regain this rebel band. In 1749 Celoron vainly attempted to persuade La Demoiselle and his band to return to the French fort, Miami (Kiskakon). Persuasion having failed, the French, in 1751, planned to use armed force against the Miami. Since the few Indians in the French interest claimed that there was not a French force sufficient to bring La Demoiselle to terms, the devastating 1751 foray, which was ordered by the French, never took place; but on June 21, 1752, Pickawillany was destroyed by a force of several hundred fierce Ottawas and Chippewas under the command of Charles Michel Langlade. - Gipson, op. cit., IV, 199-222.
The town was located on the Great Miami at the mouth of Loramie Creek near the site of present Piqua, Ohio.
99 The two of the four traders captured (note 96) were Luke Irwin and Joseph Fortiner (Faulkner). -Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, XVIII, 112n.
100 Probably "Fort Sandoski, which is a small Pallisadoed fort with about 20 Men lying on the South side of Lake Erie, and was built (page 492) the latter end of the Year 1750" ("A Journal or Account of the Capture of John Pattin," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography [Philadelphia, 1877-date], LXV, 427). Near the north shore of Sandusky Bay, Hanna, op. cit., II, 189.
101 Thomas Burney, itinerant blacksmith, Indian trader, courier, and soldier, may have been a blacksmith in the Ohio Country as early as 1742. Navarre (see note 89) reports that "forty leagues from the French house (Saguin's) going towards the River Ohio, there is an English blacksmith whom five or six families of the Loups have stopped" (Hanna, op. cit., I, 316). Gist found him at his trade at Muskingum in 1750. Blacksmith and Indian trader Burney was one of the two traders who escaped from Pickawillany when the French destroyed it in 1752 (Trent's Journal. . . 1752, op. cit., p. 86). Courier Burney carried a message from the vanquished Twightwee to Governor Dinwiddie (1752); brought back Dinwiddie's response to the Twightwee (1753); was the bearer of Half King's and Scarouady's message to Governor Dinwiddie (June, 1753); substituted for Christopher Gist as bearer of Virginia's special message to the Half King (August, 1753); and served regularly as courier for William Trent, George Washington, and Governor Dinwiddie in late 1753 and 1754 (ibid., p. 76; Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, V, 635; P.R.O., C.O. 5:1327/15-40. Militiaman Burney served under Andrew Lewis at the Battle of Fort Necessity and with General Braddock, in whose campaign he lost his life.- Washington's Journal of 1754 (Toner edition), op. cit., p. 174; The Ohio Company, 1753-1817, op. cit., p. 61.
102 According to legend this woman, known as "The Newcomer," was a white captive of Eagle Feather, the Indian husband of Mary Harris. Eagle Feather was mysteriously killed in his sleep and "The Newcomer" had fled. Mary Harris willingly placed the blame on "The Newcomer." Mary Harris insisted that the "newcomer" killed her husband with his own hatchet, in revenge for being brought into captivity, while she, as tradition gives it, alleged that Mary did the work our of jealousy, and intended dispatching her also, but was defeated in her project by the flight of "newcomer"- Mitchener, op. cit., pp. 106-09.
103 Probably John Patten who was taken captive by the French in November, 1750. See also note 96.
104 White Woman's Town. Named for Mary Harris, the white woman who was a child was taken captive in New England and spent a happy life among the Indians. Taken at Deerfield, February 29, 1704 (John Williams, Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion:. . . 6th edition [Boston, Samuel Hall, 1795], p. 108). White Woman's Town was on the south side of the White Woman's Creek or Walhonding River, opposite the mouth of Killbuck Creek. - Hanna, op. cit., II, 149n. See also note 102.
In early times Killbuck River, now the Walhonding, was called White Woman's Creek, from the town to its entrance into the Muskingum, Mitchener, op. cit, p. 107.
109 Colonel James Smith, while an Indian captive camped at a buffalo lick, where the Indians "in their small brass kettles made about half a bushel of salt." Smith said this buffalo lick was somewhere between the Muskingum and the Scioto. - James Smith, An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the Life and Travels of . . . during his Captivity with the Indians, in the Years 1755, '56, '57, '58, &c '59. . . (Lexington, John Bradford, 1799), p. 18.
110 On the site of present Lancaster, Fairfield County, Ohio. Formerly French Margaret's Town, the residence of Margaret Montour, relative of the famous Madame Montour and wife of Peter Quebec. The Moravian missionary, Martin Mack, in his journal of 1753, speaks of her as Madame Montour's niece, but in the same year Chief Shikellamy told Governor Gordon that she was Madame Montour's daughter. French Margaret had left the Ohio before Gist's arrival. In 1745 she was at the Big Island in the West Branch of the Susquehanna (Lock Haven) on her way to Philadelphia; in 1753, at her headquarters on the Susquehanna at the mouth of Lycoming Creek (Williamsport); in 1754, at Bethlehem, en route to New York; in 1748, at the Treaty of Easton; and in 1760, near Tioga at the house of her son-in-law, a Minsi chief. - Wallace, op. cit., pp. 488, 524; Hanna, op. cit., II, 204-06.
Near the beginning of the eighteenth century the Delawares who occupied a greater part of New Jersey, Delaware, eastern Pennsylvania, and New York were subdued by the Iroquois. After this time they gradually moved westward, and in 1751 a group was invited by the Hurons or Wyandots to settle on the Muskingum and other streams in eastern Ohio. - Hodge, op. cit, I, 385.
111 Located between Scippo Creek and the Scioto River, about three and one-half miles south of present Circleville, Pickaway County, Ohio ("Map of the Ancient Shawanoese Towns, on the Pickaway Plain" in Henry Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio. . . [Cincinnati, Derby, Bradley, & Co., 1848], p. 402). Highway U. S. 23 from Circleville to Kentucky traverses the Pickaway Plains. Two miles from Circleville one has an excellent view of them. Elliptical in contour, they measure seven miles long and four miles in diameter at their greatest width. The upper or largest plains are 150 feet above the level of the Scioto River. - Writer's Program. Ohio, The Ohio Guide (N. Y., Oxford University Press [c1940]), p. 571.
112 Hurricane Tom's Town, probably the "Shawanese Salt Lick (page 496) Town" on the Scioto, mentioned in a letter from Colonel Bouquet to Sir William Johnson, May 31, 1764 (Hanna, op. cit., II, 385). On U. S. highway route number 23, which follows the Scioto River from Circleville to Portsmouth, it is 17 miles from the Pickaway Plains to Chillicothe, Ohio (Writer's Program. Ohio, op. cit., pp. 752-73). Gist traveled 15 miles, according to his own measuring, from Maguck to Hurricane Tom's Town located near present Chillicothe, Ohio.
Hurricane Tom must have deserted the English cause sometime before 1756. Although, from 1750 to 1756, the English trusted him for much trade goods, he, as captain of a "gang of Indian warriors," robbed Pat Mullen, a Pennsylvania trader, of almost 100 worth of buckskins. - The Ohio Company, 1753-1817, op. cit., pp. 52, 53, 111, 134.
114 Windaughalah, or the Council Door, was a Delaware chief whose name appears in Pennsylvania history from 1748 to 1785. In 1748 he bought trade goods from James Lowry, Michael Teaffe, and John Owens, traders at Lower Shawnee Town (The Ohio Company, 1753-1817, op. cit., pp. 110, 132, 146). Windaughalah also attended Indian Conferences at Pittsburgh in 1759 (Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, VIII, 383); at Lancaster in 1762 (Pennsylvania [Colony] Treaties, etc., 1762, Minutes of Conferences, Held at Lancaster, in August, 1762. Philadelphia, Printed and Sold by B. Franklin and D. Hall, 1763); again at Pittsburgh in 1774 (Pennsylvania Archives, IV, 531-33); and at Fort McIntosh in 1785 (Pennsylvania, General Assembly, Minutes of the First Session of the Ninth General Assembly. . ., pp. 322-28). "Wandachales Town" is located on the east bank of the Scioto, not far from its junction with the Ohio (Lewis Evans' A General Map of the Middle British Colonies, op. cit.). "Wauduxales" is given the same location on Thomas Hutchins' A New Map (page 497) of the Western Parts of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland and North Carolina; . . . (London, T. Hutchins, 1778).
116 Lower Shawnee Town of Shawnee villages in the Scioto region figure in historical documents from 1673 to the American Revolution. William E. Meyer interprets Gabriel Arthurs account of his captivity in 1673 and 1674 to mean that there was in that early time a "Shawnee village near the present site of Portsmouth, Ohio." - U. S. Bureau of Ethnology, Annual Reports. . . (Washington, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1879/80-1930/31), XLII, 736.
In 1731 the Shawnee traveled to Montreal to ask Sieur Marquis de Beauharnois, the governor of New France, "to indicate the place where he wished to place them." In reply Beauharnois ordered Sieur La Joncaire to accompany them to the north bank of the Ohio (Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, XVII, 156). There is no direct evidence that they were directed to Lower Shawnee Town. By 1736 La Joncaire reported this mission was completed, that the Shawnee were located on the Beautiful River (Ohio), and that they would not remove themselves without the orders from the French governors who had lighted the fire for them at that place (Ibid., 243)O. Again there is no specific information that the Council Fire was lighted at Lower Shawnee Town; however, Celoron recorded that Longueuil held a conference there with the Shawnee while on his journey to Louisiana in 1739 (Galbreath, op. cit., p. 45). In 1747 Kinousaki, the loyal French Huron chief, spoke of the Shawnee at Scioto (N. Y. C. D., X, 162). A letter of 1748 from the French minister to Galissoniere revealed that the Shawnee from around Detroit decided to leave and settle in the direction of La Belle Riviere. The letter continued, "since the war [King George's, 1744-48] they have been joined by a considerable number of savages of all nation, forming a sort of republic (page 498) dominated by the Iroquois or Five Nations who form part of it, and that, as the English almost entirely supply their needs, it is to be feared that they may succeed in seducing them" (Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, XVIII, 11-12).
The Indians from English-controlled territory began their migration westward about 1730. Peter Chartier, the half-breed turncoat, who began negotiations with the French at Detroit before 1740, led a band of Shawnee from the Allegheny to French-dominated Ohio (ibid., XVII, 331). This alliance lasted but a few years. Lack of French trade goods and antipathy for other Indians caused the Shawnee to desert the French at Detroit, part migrating to Scioto (Lower Shawnee Town) and the others with Chartier to the south among the Alabama Indians (ibid., XVIII, 20 and 20n). When Gist visited Lower Shawnee Town it was inhabited by Shawnee, some of whom had remained loyal to the English and some of whom had for a time followed Chartier to the French; and by Iroquois, Delawares, and other groups of Indians allied to the English. The French, alarmed by the persuasive power of abundant English trade goods at Lower Shawnee Town, attempted to woo the Shawnee back into the French sphere of influence and so weaken the "republic" (ibid., 21). Celoron tried in vain, in 1749, to induce the Shawnee to leave "St. Yotoc" (Lower Shawnee Town) and return to Detroit. He reported that the native village of 80 to 100 huts was inhabited for the most part by the Shawnee, Iroquois with a few Indians from the Sault St. Louis Mission (Montreal) and the Lake of the Two Mountains, Miami, Loups (Delawares), and others from Upper Country tribes, all entirely devoted to the English (ibid., 45). The Indians at Scioto remained in the English interest, and Lower Shawnee Town became a center from which English traders carried on a lucrative trade in all directions. With the fall of Duquesne, George Croghan, the Lowry brothers, Michael Teaffe, William Trent, and others lost hugs sums in outstanding debts of the Indians and in goods confiscated by the French. Daniel and Alexander Lowry alone placed their losses at 1,877 15s. 9d. (The Ohio Company, 1753-1817, op. cit., p. 121). Although George Croghan reported the town destroyed by flood waters in 1753 (Hanna, op. cit., II, 129), the Lowry brothers attributed their loss to the taking of Fort Duquesne.
The town is described as located on both the east and west banks of the Scioto at its mouth and, in part, on the south shore of the Ohio (near the site of present Portsmouth, Ohio, and Alexandria, Ky.)
117 In 1693 the Shawnee, traditional enemies of the Five Nations, (page 499) traveled to Albany to make peace with them (N. Y. C. D., IV, 43). At the same time the Five Nations informed Governor Fletcher of New York and Pennsylvania that they were pleased because the Shawnee, their enemies, had applied to Pennsylvania for protection, and because his colonies had sent them to the Five Nations to "endeavour a peace" (Cadwallader Colden, The History of the Five Indian Nations. . ., 3d edition [London, Lockyer Davis, 1755], I, 162-63). Evidently the peace was made, for the next year the Shawnee were admitted into friendly relations with the Five Nations (Hanna, op. cit., I, 142). Hereafter the Shawnee looked upon the Five Nations as their guardians, and in 1737 informed them that since the Cayugas and Senecas had sold to Pennsylvania the lands upon the Susquehanna which they inhabited, they had asked for shelter among tribes to the westward. Intercession of colonial power did not prevent their migration, but in 1739 Pennsylvania did succeed in obtaining from the Shawnee a confirmation of the "Articles of Agreement" or treaty of amity (April 23, 1701) entered into by William Penn, the governor of Pennsylvania, and the Shawnee chiefs then living about the northern part of the Potomac River. - Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, IV, 346-47.
118 On May 26, 1750, Morris Turner and Ralph Kilgore, in the employ of John Fraser and James Young of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, were taken captive by the French at Mad Creek, about 25 miles from Pickawillany. While on their way to Canada, somewhere between Niagara and Oswego they escaped, made their way south, and arrived in Philadelphia early in October, 1750, via Fort Oswego and New York.- Deposition printed in Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, V, 482-84.
119 Probably "Fort Sandoski, which is a small Pallisadoed fort with about 20 Men lying on the South side of Lake Erie, and was built the latter end of the Year 1750." - "A Journal or Account of the Capture of John Pattin." Op. cit.
120 Conrad Weiser, on February 4, 1743, at Shamokin met leading men of the Shawnee, "the oldest of them was Missemediqueety, a Captain of War, and a very noted Man among the Shawonese; the English call him the great Huminy" ("Conrad Weiser's Report of his Journey to Shamokin," January 30-February 9, 1743, op. cit.) In 1748, at Logstown, Weiser met "big Hominy & the Pride, those that went off with Chartier, but protested against his proceedings against our Traders" ("The Journal of Conrad Weiser," September 29, 1748, (page 500) op. cit.). Big Hominy also attended Virginia's conference at Logstown in 1752 (see p. 56, this work). His outstanding debts due various Indian traders in 1756 amounted to 91 12s. 6d. (The Ohio Company, 1753-1817, op. cit., pp. 47, 50, 56, 110, 119, 138). The last recorded transaction was of April 10, 1753. Ibid., p. 119.
122 Kakawatcheky was a chief among the Shawnee for at least 43 years. He ruled over the Shawnee settlements on the Delaware River from 1709 to 1728 and at Wyoming (near the present site of the Delaware River from 1709 to 1728) and at Wyoming (near the present site of Plymouth, Pennsylvania) from 1728 to 1743 or 1744, when he removed to Logstown on the Ohio. Although the Shawnee were at this time under the influence of Peter Chartier, Kakawatcheky refused to desert the English cause and follow Chartier to French-dominated territory. In 1745 he and Newcomer, another Shawnee chief, were, living "at Allegheny and have done great service to the traders." Richard Peters reported that Kakawatcheky had declared that they, the French and their Indian followers, "shall cut him to pieces before he will quit the friendship of the Proprietaries and that he will not remove an inch from his old place of residence nor none of his relations shall" (Peters to Penn, June 25, 1745. Op. cit.). From Logstown (1748) Weiser reported that Kakawatcheky was ill and childish. In his report of the Pennsylvania Logstown Conference in 1751 George Croghan stated that Kakawatcheky could not attend the conference on account of his great age. At the Virginia Logstown Conference (1752) the commissioners, understanding that the chief "Cockawichy" was bedridden, showed appreciation for his past services by presenting him with a suit of Indian clothing.
Kakawatcheky may have lived years after 1752. Paul Wallace interprets a message of 1755 "from the Adherents and Friends of Cachanatreka to the Governors of Pennsylvania and Virginia" as a message sent from the old chief himself (Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, VI, 568). Wallace also presents "The Speech of Ackowanthio, and old Indian on the Ohio, in behalf of the Delaware Indians and others living on the Waters thereof. September 1758" as possible evidence that Kakawatcheky may have been living at that late date.- Wallace, op. cit., p. 529.
126 Mad River, not the Little Miami.
128 The Miami recognized four subtribes within their nation. A message from the Twightwees to the governor of Pennsylvania (1750) was sent by "The Four Miamy Nation of Indians" (Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, V, 437-38)- Twightwees, Weas, Piankashaws, and Tepicons, See notes 98 and 124. - Hodge, op. cit., II, 228-29; Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, XVIII, 111-12.
129 According to French Reports, La Demoiselle was at this time organizing all the Indians in the Ohio Country for a general revolt against the French; and the Cahokias, Peorias, Weas, Piankashaws, Delawares, Shawnee, and the Five Iroquois Nations were to have a meeting at La Demoiselle's in 1751. The Piankashaws and Weas were Miami; the Cahokias and Peorias, Illinois; the others, tribes firmly attached to the English.- Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, XVIII, 111-12.
130 From 1747 to 1750 the Twightwees carried on, to this effect, a vigorous correspondence with Pennsylvania and her Indian allies, most of which is printed in Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, V, 308ff.
131 Refers to Algonquin language.- Hodge, op. cit., 786, 867.
132 Mingos, a small band of Indians who left the main body of the Iroquois before 1750 and settled on the upper Ohio, gradually moving down that river and into what is now Ohio, where they mingled freely with the other tribes. - Ibid., I, 867-68.
133 Montour was the intermediary between "the tribes of Indians at Ohio and elsewhere in amity with the English" and the Twightwees. Previous messages sent via Montour are printed in Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, V, 308-09.
134 Although Gist makes no mention of activities, the treaty made between George Croghan and Andrew Montour, on the one part, and the Weas and Piankashaws, on the other, was witnessed by Christopher Gist on this day.- Ibid., 521-24. Treaty printed on pp. 138-39.
135 Catawbas.
136 Lack of French trade goods and antipathy for the other Indian nations living in the French spheres of influence caused the Shawnee to remain in the French interest but a short time. They separated into two bands, one establishing a stronghold or sort of republic at the mouth of the Scioto (Lower Shawnee Town, 1747-1753) and the other joining the Alabama Indians to the south. See also note 116.
137 La Mouche Noire or Black Mouth.- Hanna, op. cit., II, 265.
140 Refers to the admission of the Twightwees into the English alliance in 1748.- Pennsylvania (Colony). Treaties, etc., 1748, . . . Lancaster, . . .for the Admission of the Twightwee Nation into the Alliance of His Majesty, op. cit.; also printed in the Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, V, 307-19.
142 The French Miami fort, Kiskakon (ca. 1712-1760), was located on the Maumee River on the site of present Fort Wayne, Indiana (Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, XVI, 185). The rebel Miami fled from this post about 1747 and established Pickawillany. In 1749, when Captain Raymond was sent as commandant to the fort, "he stopped le pied froid, the Great Chief of the Miamis Nation, and All his Band who were about to abandon that post and Go over to (page 503) The English" (ibid., XVIII, 95). Father Bonnecamp who accompanied Celoron on this 1749 journey reports that the fort was in a dilapidated state and the French were all ill of "the Fever" (Galbreath's Celoron, op. cit., p. 92). John Patten, who was taken captive at Kiskakon in 1750, described the fort as "small, stock round with Pallisadoes and had at the time he was there a Capt. Lieut. & 50 Men, but that most of these men were traders, who were continually passing to & from, & by what he could learn there were but about 9 or 10 who constantly resided there" (Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, XVII, 114). Kiskakon remained under French control until it was occupied by the English in December, 1760. The English lost control of it on May 10, 1763, when Indians under the influence of Pontiac routed them and destroyed the fort.- Ibid., 226, 250-51.
143 "Tcitahaia, popularly known as the "feather dance" because the dancers have canes in their hands with feathers fastened at the ends. This is distinctly a peace dance."- U. S. Bureau of American Ethnology. Annual Reports. . ., XLII, 609.
147 Tamany Buck or the Pride. Big Hominy, Tamany Buck, and Lawachkamicky (or the Pride) were the three principal chiefs residing at Lower Shawnee Town. Gist saw Big Hominy when he went to Pickawillany.- Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, VI, 153.
150 Big Bone Lick, Boone County, Kentucky.
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