THE OHIO VALLEY-GREAT LAKES ETHNOHISTORY
ARCHIVES: THE MIAMI COLLECTION
It is noted that the following work from the Miami Archives should be read and
considered within the historical context in which it was composed and printed.
The opinions expressed and the language used do not reflect the opinions or
standards of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, but are, rather,
indicative of thought in that historical moment during which the document was
published.
Journal of Captain William Trent
(1752)
Trent, William in: Goodman, Alfred
T., ed.,
Journal of Captain William Trent from
Logstown to Pickawillani. . .1752,
Cincinnati, 1871, excerpts,
pp. 84-105.
June the 21st, 1752. We left the Logstown.
25th. We met a white man who had been thirteen days from the Pick town;1 he informed us that the French Indians had been there, and that twenty-five families of the Picks or Twightwees had gone back with them to the French.
27th. We met a Mingoe2 man called Powell, who had been then just twenty days from Fort D'Troit,3 and ten days before he left the fort three hundred French and Indians had set off, either to persuade the Twightwees back to the French, else to cut them off.
29th. We got to Muskingum,4 150 miles from the Logstown, where we met some white men from Hockhocken,5 where we met with William Ives, who passed by the Twightwee town in the night. He informed us that the white men's houses were all on fire, and that he heard no noise in the fort, only one gun fired, and two or three hollows.
3d. We got to the Meguck,6 where we heard much the same news, which made us conclude to go to the lower Shawanees town7 with the goods, that we might know the certainty.
6th. We arrived at the lower Shawanees town, where the Indians received us very kindly, with the firing of guns, and whooping and hollowing, according to their custom, and conducted us to the long house (the council house), where , after they had given us victuals, they inquired the news; we told them the next day we would let them know everything. Then Thomas Burney and Andrew McBryer,8 the only two men that escaped, when the town was attacked, came to us and told us that 240 French and Indians, on the 21st of June, about nine o'clock in the morning, surprised the Indians in the cornfields9 and that they came so suddenly (page 87) on them that the white men, who were in their houses, had the utmost difficulty to reach the fort. Three not being able to go to the fort shut themselves up in one of the houses. At this time there were but twenty men and boys in the fort, including the white men. The French and Indians having taken possession of the white men's houses, some of which were within ten yards of the fort, they kept a smart fire on the fort till the afternoon, and had taken the three white men who had shut themselves up in one of the houses. Though they had plenty of arms and ammunition in the house, they could not be prevailed upon by the white men and Indians in the fort to fire a gun, though they encouraged them as much as possible, but as soon as they were taken told how many white men were in the fort. The French and Indians in the afternoon let the Twightwees know that if they would deliver up the white men that were in the fort, they would break up the siege and go home. After a consultation it was agreed by the Indians and whites that as there were so few men, and no water in the fort, it was better to deliver up the white men, with beaver and wampum, to the Indians not to hurt them, than for the fort to be taken, and all to be at their mercy. The white men were delivered up accordingly, except Burney and Andrew, whom the Indians hid. One of the white men that was wounded in the belly, as soon as they got him they stabbed and scalped, and took out his heart (page 88) and eat it. Upon receiving the white men they delivered up all the Indian women they had prisoners, and set off with the plunder they got out of the white men's houses, amounting to about three thousand pounds. They killed one Englishman, and took six prisoners, one Mingoe and one Shawnees killed, and three Twightwees; one of them, the old Pianguisha10 king, called by the English Old Britain,11 who, for his attachment to the English, they boiled, and eat him all up.12
7th. Scaruneate, with some more of the Six Nations,13 came to us in the morning and asked us if we would go with them, in order to bring the remaining Twightwees this way; we told them that we would; then we went to the long houses and showed them our belts, and speeches with each belt. Then the Shawanees14 that had been at the Twightwees produced the wampum they brought, on a large black belt, with a scalp tied to the end of it,15 with this speech:
Brothers: We have struck the French, and we expect that all nations in alliance with us will do the same.
The next was a string of black wampum from the captains and warriors of the Twightwees to the captains and warriors of all nations in alliance with them, (page 90) Letting them know that they put their women and children under their care; that inasmuch as they expect that they would all assist them, and that they had not forgot the league betwixt them.
The next was a large white belt16 that the Six Nations had sent them upon their first being friends, which was to let them know the situation they were in was bad, and that they should move from the fort with their own people, or the Six Nations, whoever should come first, that they might be in a place of safety; but back with the French they never would go. They also let them know that in the time of the battle the French and Indians called to them, and told them they were dead, whether they killed them or no, for the English and Six Nations would put them all to death; upon that they made them this answer: "You are liars! You have killed us all, and we'll be revenged."17
July 12th. We left the lower Shawanees town with twenty-two men and boys, whites and Indians, instead of above a hundred, which we expected, occasioned by a quantity of liquor18 coming to town. The chief we had belonged to the Six Nations.
19th. We lay about twenty miles this side the Pick town. Before we took up we heard three guns. We sent some young men out to discover who they were, but they returned without finding anybody. About midnight some of our people that were awake heard a hollow and two whistles; they waked us, and we lay awake the rest of the night, with our guns in our hands.
20th. We sent two men off in the morning to view the town; they met us about five miles on this side of the town and told us that it was deserted, and that there were two French flags flying. We went to the town, unloaded our horses and turned them into the cornfields, and hoisted the English colors; we sent out people to track which way they were gone; they found where two men, the day before, had been sitting in the cornfields, which we suppose to be some of the enemy watching the fort. They found the people's tracks down the creek, one part of which had taken through the woods, for the lower Shawanees town, and the rest had gone towards their own people. We got water in the fort, and secured two of the fort gates; the other we left open for our people to go in and out at. A little after dark we heard three guns fired along the French road, upon which we sent four young men out to scout about the edges of the woods, to see what they could discover, and the rest of us kept awake all night, at the fort gate, with our guns in our hands.
21st. In the morning we tied up part of the skins that were left in the fort, and lent the man whom the skins belonged to our riding horses to bring them off. We sent some people out along the French road,19 but they returned without discovering any of the enemy. They found a blue jacket and a shirt stabbed in six or seven places, all bloody, which we suppose belonged to some of the Indians that were killed. About noon we set off upon the people's track down the creek. We went about seven miles, and then took up in order to kill meat, having no provisions but what we killed.
29th. We reached the Shawanees town after a very tiresome and tedious journey, having them carried the goods between six and seven hundred miles, the weather the hottest that ever was known in these parts, many of the Indian dogs dropping dead as they were hunting; the runs and creeks were so dry, that we were almost perished for want of water, having traveled one day two and twenty miles without a drop. After we had refreshed ourselves w went to see the Twightwees, and found that the young Pianguisha king, Musheguanockque, or the Turtle20 two more men, Old Britain's wife (page 93) and son,21 with about a dozen women and their children, were come this way.
August 4th. When the six Cherokees22 were coming into town, the Shawanees sent for us to the place they had made to receive them. After we had been there some time they hoisted a suit of French colors, which the French had given to Nucheconner.23 I got up and told them that I looked upon the hoisting them colors as an affront to his Majesty, the King of Great Britain, and as I was doing the King's business, I could hear no councils under them, upon which Mr. Montour and myself got up and went away. As soon as an Indian, called the Blue Shadow,24 understood it, he struck them, and throwed them away as far as he could throw them.
Brothers, the Twightwees: We present you with this string of wampum to wash away the blood, and to take (page 94) away grief from your hearts. [We gave a string of black and white wampum.]25
The Six Nations then spoke to the Twightwees: "Brothers, the Twightwees: We present you with this (page 95) string of wampum to wipe away your tears, that you may see clearly what we and your brothers, the English, are going to say to you." [Gave a string of black and white wampum.]
The Six Nations spoke again to the Twightwees: "Brothers, the Twightwees: We present you with this string of wampum to clear your hearts and open your minds, that you may understand rightly what your brothers, the English, are going to say to you." [Gave a string of white wampum.]
Brothers, the Twightwees: We must now inform you that your brothers, the Delawares, desired us to remember the treaty made betwixt us, the Six Nations, the Shawanees, Wyandotts,26 and themselves, with you, and they desire that you would go down and brighten the chain, and renew the friendship already made betwixt us,27 and they further desire the English and the Six Nations to put their hands upon your heads and keep the French from hurting you, and to advise you not to listen or hear what the French say to you.
Brethren, you joined in a covenant chain with us, (page 96) your brethren, the English, and the Six United Nations of Indians and their allies, three or four years ago. The King of Great Britain, your father, has now sent a very large present of goods to the Logstown, to be divided amongst his children. As you could not come thither, we have taken care to send you part. We join with the Six United Nations of Indians in advising you to stand fast28 in the chain of friendship, which you have already taken hold of, and assure you of the friendship of the government of Virginia, under the direction of the great King, your father, on the other side of the water. [We gave a belt29 of wampum.]
The Twightwees made the following speech, with a beaver blanket, with a green painted spot in the middle:
Brothers: We perceive that your country is all smooth and clear like this blanket, and that your hearts are good, and the dwellings of your governors are like this green painted spot in the middle of the blanket, which represents the Spring in its bloom. [Gave the beaver blanket.]
The Six Nations then produced a large belt, which the (page 97) Twightwees had sent to all the nations in alliance with them, with the following speech:
Brothers; we are very sorry that our people were so foolish as to deliver the English out of the fort to the French and their Indians, but as our people first consulted the English in the fort, and it was agreed that it was better to deliver them up (which we did, with beaver and wampum, to the Indians, not to hurt them), than all to be killed, and we desire all our friends to speak to our brothers, the English, and to intercede with them not to desert us, but send their traders amongst us, and pity our women and children. [Showed a belt.]
The Six NATO's made the following speech to the Twightwees, with a belt of white wampum, in favor of themselves and the English:
Brothers; We desire you to be strong, and to hold fast the chain of friendship concluded between us, you, and the English, and we desire you not to mind that the French and their Indians may say to our disadvantage, for you have now once more come amongst us, and you now see what some of your own people that loved the French told you, that we should put you to death if you came amongst us, is all lies. You have now an opportunity of seeing that we are still your friends, and of being assured, from our own mouths, that we shall always remain so; and we would have you (page 98) mind what your brothers, the Delawares,30 shall say to you, for they have been long acquainted with the English and know their hearts. [Gave a Belt.]
Then the Twightwees produced a feathered pipe, and made the following speech:
Brothers: We now acquaint you that the French and their Indians have struck us, yet we kept this pipe whole and unhurt; that is as much as to say, they still hold fast the chain of friendship with the English, Six Nations, and their allies. [Gave the pipe to the Six Nations.]
The Six Nations then made the following speech to the Twightwees, with a string of black and white wampum:
Brothers: We are glad to see that you have kept safe that pipe,31 by which we see you have not forgot the treaty between you, us, and the English. [Gave the string.]
Then the Six Nations gave us a twist of tobacco32 to (page 99) be given to the Half King33 to desire him to acquaint the Six Nations of what had been done at the Twightwees, and to desire him to come down and see what they would do with them.
Then the Shawanees produced a shell and black string of wampum from the Twightwees, acquainting all nations in alliance with them that they had but one heart with them, and though it was darkness to the westward, yet toward the sun-rising it was bright and clear.34 [Gave the shell and string to be given the Six Nations.]
Then the Shawanees produced a string of mostly black wampum from the captains and warriors of the Twightwees, letting the captains and warriors of all nations in alliance with them know that their hands had been tied, but now they were loose, and that they have the hatchet in their hands ready to strike the French and their Indians, and they desire all their friends to (page 100) assist them. [Gave a string to be given to the Six Nations.]
Then the Twightwees produced a black and white string of wampum, letting the Shawanees and Delawares know that when they went there before, they had cleared a road, but as it had been stopped by the French and Indians, they now clear it again. [Gave a string of wampum.]
Then the old Pianguisha king's wife got the following speech made to all nations in alliance with them, with a string of black and white wampum:
Brothers: The French have killed my husband. I am now left a poor, lonely woman, with one son, who I recommend to the care of the English, Six Nations, Shawanees, and Delawares, and desire they will take care of him. [Gave the Six Nations the string.]
Then the Delawares produced a feathered pipe, and beaver blanket from the Wawetannes,35 with the following speech to the English, Six Nations, and their allies:
Brothers: We have had this pipe from the beginning of the world, and whenever it got cloudy we sweep the clouds away, and though it is dark to the westward, yet we sweep all clouds away towards the sun-rising, and leave a clear and serene sky; and, brothers, we present you with this beaver blanket, hoping that your hearts (page 101) and minds may be as clear as the green painted spot in the middle. [Gave the pipe and blanket to be given to the Six Nations.]
The Twightwees made the following speech to the English, and with a green belt and pipe:
Brothers; When we first went to see you we made a road36 which reached to your country, which road the (page 102) French and Indians have made bloody; now we make a new road, which reaches all the way to the sun-rising, one end of which we will hold fast, which road shall remain open and clear forever, that we and our brothers may travel backwards and forwards to one another with safety; and if we live till the Spring, our brothers may expect to see us, and we send this pipe that our brothers may smoke out of, and think upon what we say, and they may depend upon seeing us in the Spring, at which time we will give a full answer. [Gave a belt and pipe.]
Speeches made to the Shawanees by the six Cherokees, who came to make peace with the Six Nations and their allies:
Brethren: We give you this tobacco to smoke, that while you are smoking you may consider us and pity our condition. [Gave some tobacco tied in a piece of leather.]
Brethren: We are come to inform you that fourteen hundred of our men will be here in about two months, to live amongst you, for we can live no longer in our own country, for the English are angry and refuse to supply us with powder and lead, because they say we kill their traders. [Gave a string of white beads.]
Brethren: We are sensible there has been a great many traders killed, but we have not done it. You know that it is the French Indians that have killed them, therefore we beg that you, the Six Nations, and Delawares, would intercede with our brothers, the English, for us, that they may take pity upon our women and children, and not desert us, but that they may take us under their protection. [Gave a string of white wampum.]
All the speeches that were delivered to the Six Nations by the Shawanees and Delawares that came from the Twightwees, and those from the deputies of the Six Nations, were delivered again to the head men of the Six Nations, at the Logstown, by Mr. Andrew Montour, in order that they might send some person to the (page 104) head council at Onondago with them. When we found that Old Britain was killed, we gave the cloths, by advice of the Six Nations in the following manner: The scarlet cloak to Old Britain's son, a young lad; the hat and jacket, with the shirt and stockings to the young Pianguisha king; we clothed Old Britain's wife, and gave the rest of the goods to the young Pianguisha king, the Turtle, and two more men of the nation, for the use of the Twightwees; and I (page 105) persuaded an Indian trader to carry the goods for them, who promised to do it, and he set off with horses for the lower Shawanees town for that purpose.
N. B. The young Pianguisha king,37 and Musheguanockque, or the Turtle, were two of the deputies for the Twightwees when they first entered into an alliance with the English.38
While we were at the lower Shawanees town, there came a messenger from the Six Nations to order the Indians there to keep themselves together, and to acquaint them there was an army from Canada arrived in the lakes.
|
WILLIAM TRENT |
________________________
1 (*, p. 84) Pickawillany, on Evan's map, 1755, located on west bank of Loramies creek, at its mouth. By map, the distance from Logstown to Pickawillany was 326 miles; from Wills creek, 456 miles.
2 (**, p. 85) The Mingoes were a branch of the Senecas. They came from Western Pennsylvania and located in Northeast and Eastern Ohio. Their principal town was called Mingo Bottom, on the site of Steubenville, Ohio. They were called the "Iroquois of Ohio."
3 (#, p. 85) Detroit. Sieur De l'Hut erected a fort there in 1685, which was rebuilt in 1701 by M. de Cadillac and called Fort Ponchartrain.
4 (##, p. 85) A Mingo town on the north bank of the Tuscarawas, five miles east of the mouth of White Woman's creek, in what is now Coshocton County. In 1751 it contained about one hundred families. Boquet was there in 1764, and Colonel Brodhead led an expedition against it in 1780. The distance from Logstown to Muskingum by the Indian trail was 122 miles.
5 (*, p. 86) The name Hock-hock-ing signifies a bottle. The town was a small place, containing a few Delaware families. The French at one time had a trading post there, called "Margaret's Fort."
6 (**, p. 86) A Delaware town of ten families, fifteen miles southwest of Hock-hocken.
7 (#, p. 86) There were two towns of this name, both on the Scioto. One was at the mouth of the river; the other somewhere in the neighborhood of Columbus. Trails from both led to Pickawillany. In 1751 the town at the mouth of the Scioto contained 300 warriors, and 100 houses, besides a state house or council room 90 feet long. It was to this town that Captain Trent proceeded after leaving Meguck.
8 (##, p. 86) Traders.
9 (***, p. 86) The Miamis cultivated extensive fields of maize. Their houses were always well supplied with this valuable article of food.
10 (*, p. 88) A tribe of the Miamis who dwelt upon the Wabash. The name has been variously spelled- Peanguichas, Peanguishas, Pianguishaws, Pinakashaws, Piankeshas, Piankeshaws, etc.
11 (**, p. 88) He was the principal man, or commander-in-chief of the Miamis. His terrible fate was in revenge for the conduct of the Piankeshaws during the winter of 1751-2, when they killed and scalped eight French soldiers near Fort Miami, and took four negro slaves prisoners in the Illinois country. The bitter enmity of the French was doubtless increased from the fact that the governor of Virginia had recently offered a high price for "Canadian scalps."
12 (***, p. 88) When the French first visited the Iroquois, one of the customs of that confederacy was to "roast and eat" prisoners taken in battle. This barbarous treatment was common in the Northern tribes, and continued until a comparatively late day, vide the following extracts from a letter dated at Detroit, published in the Newport (R. I.) Mercury, July 9, 1763:
Was it not agreeable every day to know of the cutting, and carving, and boiling, and eating of our companions? They boiled and eat Sir Robert Davers, and we are informed by Mr. Pauley, who escaped the other day, that he had seen an Indian with the skin of Captain Robertson's arm for a tobacco pouch!
13 (*, p. 89) This powerful confederacy was formed in 1539, by a union of the Mohawks, Onondagas, Oneidas, Senecas, and Cayugas. In 1712 they were reinforced by the Tuscaroras, and from that time were known as the Six Nations.
14 (**, p. 89) The Shawanees originally belonged south of the Ohio. Having suffered severely from the Cherokees and Chickasaws, they were invited by the Miamis to their country along the Scioto, but were dispersed by the Iroquois in 1672. They then separated, a portion moving to Carolina and others to Pennsylvania. A few remained in Ohio. About the year 1728, they returned to the Scioto. During the French and English war, 1755-1763, they were active allies of the French. In the Revolutionary war they sided with the British and were bitterly hostile in the Indian wars which followed.
15 (***, p. 89) This signifies the nation was at war and had suffered loss.
16 (#, p. 90) An emblem of peace and friendship.
17 (*, p. 90) The Indians were good swearers. That branch of the English tongue they learned to perfection from the traders.
18 (**, p. 90) All Indians, male and female, are exceedingly fond of rum, and will get drunk whenever they can secure it.
19 (*, p. 92) Trail leading to Fort Miami, at the junction of the Maumee and St. Joseph rivers, near where Fort Wayne (Ind.) now stands.
20 (**, p. 92) A Miami chief of this name led the Indians at Hardin's and Wylly's defeats in Harmar's campaign, 1790, and also at St. Clair's defeat the following year.
21 (***, p. 93) Called Ellonagoe Pyangeacha. At the council at Carlisle, October 3, 1753, the wife of "Old Britain" thus referred to her son: "Remember, brethren, that my husband took a fast hold of the chain of friendship subsisting between your nations. Therefore, I now deliver up his child into your care and protection, and desire you would take care of him, and remember the alliance his father was in with you, and not forget his friendship, but continue to be kind to his child.
22 (#, p. 93) The Cherokees resided south of the Ohio, to the west of the Carolinas, and, in 1752, numbered about 2,500 warriors.
23 (*, p. 93) King of the Shawanees.
24 (**, p. 93) A Cherokee chief.
25 (***, p. 94) The use of wampum as a subject of exchange among the early inhabitants of the northern portion of this continent extends back to a very early period, the antiquity of which can not be determined. It was probably the first idea of standard values, to the minds of the Indians, in that part of this country now occupied by the Eastern and Middle States. The primitive wampum consisted of strings, made of small fresh-water shells. But when the Dutch became fairly settled in "Manhadoes," New York- when they got the idea of wampum fairly settled in their minds- they immediately set to work improving upon its manufacture by making it more beautiful. The beads were of a purple and white color, about a quarter of an inch in length and an eighth of an inch in diameter, and holes bored in them lengthwise, so as to be conveniently strung. The white beads were made from sea-conch, and the purple from muscle-shell, though not entirely confined to these shells. Wampum, in the history of that portion of the Indians before mentioned, became an instrument of love, trade, religious ceremonies, diplomacy, and war; nothing of importance was done or said without wampum. They were woven into belts, used singly and in strings, and were arranged by the color into figures symbolizing objects, events, and acts. Wampum was supplied to the Western Indians by traders. The use of wampum as money enable the Dutch to lay up immense fortunes. What the Dutch did at "Manhadoes," the English and others did farther east, and their examples were not lost upon their descendants, for gewgaws have followed the Indians in their retreat before civilization, thus giving shadows of value to the Indian for his substance- the result of war and the chase.- W. F. Rattle- Ext. Letter to Editor.
26 (*, p. 95) Once a powerful nation occupying the territory from Lake Erie to the Ohio, between that river and the Great Miami. Their numbers were reduced by repeated wars with the Iroquois, and by that scourge of the red man, the small-pox.
27 (**, p. 95) Treaty at Lancaster, 1748.
28 (***, p. 96) That is, go on in the good work; not vigorously, etc.; remain true to the English.
29 (#, p. 96) Among the Indians the size of the belts they give with their speeches, is always in proportion to their ideas of the greater of less importance of the matters treated of.
30 (*, p. 98) An Eastern tribe, who were at the beginning of the eighteenth century located in Eastern Pennsylvania.
About the year 1724, the Delaware Indians, for the conveniency of game, emigrated (from Delaware river and Susquehanna) to the branches of the Ohio. * * * They were soon met by Canadian traders, and Joncaire, the adopted citizen of the Seneca nation, found his way to them from Lake Erie.- Bancroft's U. S.
31 (*, p. 98) The Indians smoke in their councils.
32 (**, p. 98) The giving of tobacco means that the Indians desire to be allies and live in friendship and good will toward each other.
33 (***, p. 99) A name given by the English to the celebrated Seneca chief, Tanacharisson. He was an active friend of the British. In 1753, he accompanied Washington to Fort Le Boeuf, and kept the governor of Pennsylvania fully advised as to subsequent movements of the French. While at Harris' Ferry (Harrisburg) he was "suddenly seized with a violent sickness," which ended his life in a few hours, October 1, 1754. The loss of this chief was a serious one to the English. Had he lived, he would have been of great service in Braddock's short campaign.
34 (*, p. 99) Means war to the west-ward with the French, peace in the east with the English.
35 (**, p. 100) A tribe of the Miamis, sometimes called Ouiatonons, who resided on the Wabash.
36 (*, p. 101) This refers to the trail from Pickawillany to the mouth of Wills Creek; the following is a description of its course:
Beginning at the mouth of Wills creek or Fort Cumberland; thence northwesterly over the Aleghany mountains forty-one miles to the forks of the Youghiogheny; thence southwest along the base of Laurel Hill twelve miles to Great Meadows, which is near the Pennsylvania line; thence northwest, over Laurel Hill, to Christopher Girst's house, eight miles; thence in the same course six miles to Stewart's cabin or crossing on the Youghiogheny; crossing the Youghiogheny to the north bank and following a course generally parallel with that stream forty-one miles to the forks of the Ohio, where Pittsburg now stands; crossing the Alleghany at its mouth along or near the Ohio river twenty miles to Logstown; thence westerly down the Ohio river, crossing the Big Beaver at eight miles at Shingoes town, and pursuing the same general direction westward, crossing the waters of the Little Beaver and head waters of Yellow creek into the valley of the Big Sandy to Tuscarawas town, a distance of seventy miles; from Tuscarawas town, six miles above the mouth of the Big Sandy, on the north bank, the trail crossed this stream and followed down the eastern shore of the Tuscarawas river, six miles, to Three Legs town, and thence parallel with the Tuscarawas to Muskingum, and Indian town between the forks of the Muskingum; thence westerly across the Walhonding, a distance of three miles, to White Woman's town; thence pursuing the same course westerly, crossing the Licking above Newark, to Hockhocken or French Margaret's town, on the headwaters of the Hockhocking river, a distance of seventy-two miles; continuing westerly across the waters of the Scioto, above the town of the Delawares, which is at the forks across the head waters of the Little Miami and Mad rivers, to the Great Miami at the mouth of Loramies creek, a distance, according to Evan's map, of one hundred and two miles, where was situated the Twightwee town of English fort of Pickawillany; from thence it continued a course nearly due west to the Wawixtas town on the Wabash, a distance of ninety miles.
37 (*, p. 105) His Indian name was Assapausa.
38 (**, p. 105) The deputies at the treaty at Lancaster were Ciquenackqua, Assapausa, and Natoecqueha.
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